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Portal

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Linux Bookmarks

Stuff related to GNU/Linux.

Install Linux

USB burning tools

The following tools make installation USB keys from ISO files.

  • Ventoy : an open source tool to create a bootable USB drive loading ISO files in the partition.
  • Rufus : flashing Linux/Windows ISOs in Windows.
  • Etcher : flashing Linux ISOs in Linux/Windows.
  • Gnome disks

Linux Wikis and forums

Command lines and shell scripting

  • in System
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Linux Input Methods

Input methods enable multilingual inputs, including CJK (Chinese, Japanese, and Korean).

Fcitx5

Fcitx is a lightweight input method framework that provides environment-independent language support for Linux. The development energy mainly focuses on the release of the new version 5.

Install

command -v apt && sudo apt install fcitx5 fcitx5-chewing fcitx5-material-color
command -v pacman && sudo pacman -S fcitx5-im fcitx5-chewing fcitx5-material-color

Setup

Add the following lines to ~/.xprofile or ~/.profile if fcitx does not load on startup.

/etc/profile
export INPUT_METHOD=fcitx5
export GTK_IM_MODULE=fcitx5
export QT_IM_MODULE=fcitx5
export XMODIFIERS=\@im=fcitx5

Ibus

ibus is an input method framework using DBUS. ibus integrates better with the GNOME desktop environment.

Install

command -v apt && sudo apt install ibus ibus-chewing
command -v pacman && sudo pacman -S ibus ibus-chewing

Setup

Add these lines to ~/.xprofile or ~/.profile if ibus does not load on startup.

.xprofile
export GTK_IM_MODULE=ibus
export QT_IM_MODULE=ibus
export XMODIFIERS=\@im=ibus
ibus-daemon -drx
  • in System
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Linux Themes

Best GTK themes from Its FOSS

Papirus icon theme and Kvantum SVG engine

Install (Ubuntu)

sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:papirus/papirus           # Papirus icon theme
sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y papirus-icon-theme qt5-style-kvantum qt5ct

Materia theme

A clean theme for both KDE and Gnome.

Install (Ubuntu)

sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:papirus/papirus
sudo apt update && sudo apt install materia-gtk-theme materia-kde

Set fonts

Fonts for materia theme:

  • To properly display the theme, use a font family that includes Medium weight (e.g. Roboto or M+).
  • Set the font size to 9.75 (= 13px at 96dpi) or 10.5 (= 14px at 96dpi).

Qogir theme

vinceliuice/Qogir-theme is a flat Design theme for GTK.

Install (Ubuntu)

Download and run the install script from vinceliuice/Qogir-theme.

  • in System
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Change Linux user directory

Use sudo and at to schedule the usermod command, which changes the user's home dir.

sudo at "now +5 minutes"  # Run the following commands in 5 minutes

In the at interface

pkill -u UID            # kill user processes
usermod -m -d /new/home # Change user home dir (-d) and move (-m) the content into the new folder

Ctrl+D to exit the at interface. Logout, wait 10 minutes, and login.

See also

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heredoc: Passing multiple lines of string

Use heredoc to pass the string as-is between two delimiters (e.g. EOF)

cat << "EOF" >> ~/.xprofile
# ~/.xprofile
export GTK_IM_MODULE=ibus
export QT_IM_MODULE=ibus
export XMODIFIERS=@im=ibus
ibus-daemon -drx
EOF

Will append the following lines to ~/.xprofile:

.xprofile
export GTK_IM_MODULE=ibus
export QT_IM_MODULE=ibus
export XMODIFIERS=@im=ibus
ibus-daemon -drx
  • in DevOps
  • 5 min read

GitLab

GitLab CI/CD is a tool built into GitLab for software development for Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Delivery/Deployment (CD).

Parallel Matrix build

Test and build in parallel with matrix build in Gitlab CI/CD.

For example,

.gitlab-ci.yml
test:
  image: $IMAGE
  script:
    - echo $MSG
    - python -V
  parallel:
    matrix:
      # First cartesian set of parameters
      - IMAGE: ['python:3.6-alpine', 'python:3.7-alpine']
        MSG: ['Test1', 'Test2']
      # Second cartesian set of parameters

This will create 4 jobs with a combination of a custom message and a specific Python image.

See also the blog post by Michael Friedrich for more parallel matrix build with GitLab CI/CD.

Replace old only/except with new rules to include or exclude jobs in pipelines

GitLab CI/CD rules reference

Note

Rules cannot be used together with only/except. Otherwise, GitLab will return a key may not be used with rules error.

only run if this is a scheduled pipeline

.gitlab-ci.yml
scheduled-update:
  # only run if this is a scheduled pipeline
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule"

Run upon push

.gitlab-ci.yml
push-job:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "push"

Run upon merge request

.gitlab-ci.yml
merge-request:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"

Run only for the commits in the default branch

.gitlab-ci.yml
# GitLab pages job
pages:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH

Run only for tags

.gitlab-ci.yml
pages:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_TAG

Choose a specific runner

Use tags to tun jobs in a specific runner e.g., your self-hosted GitLab runner in the workstation.

.gitlab-ci.yml
run-custom:
  tags:
    - myWS
  script:
    - echo "Running in my workstation."

Create a release

Create a release with GitLab CI/CD pipelines with the release-cli docker image:

.gitlab-ci.yml
release_job:
  stage: release
  image: registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-org/release-cli:latest
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_TAG                  # Run this job when a tag is created manually
  script:
    - echo "Running the release job."
  release:
    name: "Release $CI_COMMIT_TAG"
    description: "Release created using the release-cli."

Cache Conda Packages

We can cache conda packages by setting CONDA_PKGS_DIRS environment variable inside the project folder (CI_PROJECT_DIR) so that the GitLab runner can cache these dependencies.

.gitlab-ci.yml
image: condaforge/miniforge3:latest

variables:
  CONDA_PKGS_DIRS: "${CI_PROJECT_DIR}/.cache/conda/pkgs"

cache:
  - key:
      files:
        - environment.yml
    paths:
      - .env/
      - .cache/conda/pkgs

before_script:
  - conda env update --prefix ./.env --file environment.yml --prune
  - source activate ./.env

Because GitLab only caches files inside the project folder (CI_PROJECT_DIR)

  • CONDA_PKGS_DIRS is set to ${CI_PROJECT_DIR}/.cache/conda/pkgs to hold the downloaded compressed packages.
  • Extracted environment folder is set to ${CI_PROJECT_DIR}/.env using the --prefix option.

Conda will create the runtime environment according to environment.yml. The environment folder will be created (if not present) or cached. The option --prune means conda will remove unnecessary packages for subsequent caching.

Git Operations in GitLab CI/CD

Using SSH keys

Warning

Currently the private key cannot be masked and base64 encoding/decoding is needed.

You can use a pair of SSH keys to access a git repository
- The private key would be a CI/CD project variable
- The public key would be a deploy key

You also need additional steps to setup a SSH client in the pipeline.

before_script:
   # apt-get applies to Debian-based images. Change the package manager if needed.
  - 'which ssh-agent || ( apt-get update -qy && apt-get install openssh-client -qqy )'
  - 'which git || ( apt-get update -qy && apt-get install git -qqy )'
  - eval `ssh-agent -s`
  - echo "${SSH_PRIVATE_KEY}" | tr -d '\r' | ssh-add - > /dev/null # add ssh key
  - '[[ -f /.dockerenv ]] && echo -e "Host *\n\tStrictHostKeyChecking no\n\n" > ~/.ssh/config'

And replace the default HTTP-based git origin with the SSH one.

script:
  - git remote rm origin && git remote add origin git@gitlab.com:$CI_PROJECT_PATH.git

Using a personal access token (PAT)

Compared to SSH, using a personal access token (PAT) with write repo right might be simpler. In the following example, the PAT is stored as a masked CI/CD variable GIT_PUSH_TOKEN.

script:
  - bash update.sh
  - |
    if [ -n $(git status --porcelain) ]; then
        echo "Committing updates"
        git config --global user.name "${GITLAB_USER_NAME}"
        git config --global user.email "${GITLAB_USER_EMAIL}"
        git add .
        git commit -m "Automated update: $(date '+%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S')"
        git push "https://${GITLAB_USER_NAME}:${GIT_PUSH_TOKEN}@${CI_REPOSITORY_URL#*@}"
        exit;
    else
        echo "no change, nothing to commit"
    fi

For a MR pipeline, GitLab provides git push options for merge request settings.

script:
  - bash update.sh
  - |
    if [ -n $(git status --porcelain) ]; then
        echo "Committing updates"
        NEW_BR=auto-update-$(date '+%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S')
        git config --global user.name "${GITLAB_USER_NAME}"
        git config --global user.email "${GITLAB_USER_EMAIL}"
        git checkout -b ${NEW_BR}
        git add .
        git commit -m "${NEW_BR}"
        git push "https://${GITLAB_USER_NAME}:${GIT_PUSH_TOKEN}@${CI_REPOSITORY_URL#*@}" \
            -o merge_request.create \
            -o merge_request.target="${CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH}" \
            -o merge_request.merge_when_pipeline_succeeds \
            -o merge_request.remove_source_branch \
            -o merge_request.title="${NEW_BR}" \
            -o merge_request.label="automated update" \
            -o merge_request.assign="${GITLAB_USER_NAME}"
        exit;
    else
        echo "no change, nothing to commit"
    fi

Synchronize GitLab repo to GitHub

Assuming you have two identical repositories on GitLab and GitHub each (you can do this by importing one's repo to the other), the following steps show how to mirror GitLab repositories to GitHub with deploy SSH keys.

On the GitLab side
  1. In the GitLab repo, go to Settings/Repository/Mirroring repositories and set Git repository URL as ssh://git@github.com/<namespace>/<repo>.git. e.g. ssh://git@github.com/sosiristseng/docker-python-julia.git

Warning

The GitHub button gives git@github.com:<namespace>/<repo>.git as the repo URL, one should change it to ssh://git@github.com/<namespace>/<repo>.git for GitLab to access the repository.

  1. Set Mirror direction to push.

  2. Set Authentication method to SSH public key. Optionally you can click Detect host keys.

  3. (Optionally) check "Keep divergent refs" to prevent force pushes and/or "Mirror only protected branches" for a cleaner GitHub mirror.

  4. Click Mirror repository.
  5. Copy the SSH public key (the middle button) and go to the GitHub mirror repo.
On the GitHub side

In the Github mirror repository, go to Settings/Deploy keys and add deploy key.

Paste the SSH public key copied from the GitLab source. Give it a title, allow write access, click add key to finish this step, and viola.